Which of the following is NOT a cause of food spoilage?

Excessive packaging is not a direct cause of food spoilage. While packaging is essential for preserving food and can protect it from contamination and environmental factors, it itself does not lead to spoilage. Proper packaging can extend the shelf life of food by preventing exposure to microorganisms and reducing the impact of physical and chemical processes that lead to spoilage.

In contrast, bacteria, enzymes, and mold are all biological factors that contribute to the deterioration of food. Bacteria can multiply and produce toxins that lead to spoilage, while enzymes naturally present in food can cause it to age and lose quality over time. Mold, a type of fungus, can grow on food and cause it to become inedible. Understanding these causes helps in implementing better food handling and storage practices to prevent spoilage effectively.